Newsrooms rethink source protection and journalist safety in immigration coverage

Journalists balance transparency, safety in the wake of ICE escalation

By Alice Finno, Reporting Intern

As Immigration and Customs Enforcement increased activity in recent months, journalists across newsrooms began having difficult conversations about balancing transparency in coverage with protecting their sources.

In January 2025, El Tímpano, a Bay Area newsroom that reports on Latino and Mayan immigrants, published guidelines to better protect immigrant sources and the communities it covers, focusing on three key areas: ensuring informed consent, limiting identifying details, and increasing in-person engagement. The policies seek to balance the dangers of exposing immigrants’ stories with the benefits journalism provides. 

For instance, Miriam Jordan, an immigration reporter for the New York Times, revealed in 2018 that President Trump employed undocumented workers in his properties, identifying two immigrant women with their full names and photographing them. One of them, Victorina Morales, made numerous media appearances after the story was published, applied for asylum, and received a work permit, but months later, she found out her case had been referred to a court for removal proceedings, as reported by the Columbia Journalism Review. 

During the first Trump administration, immigration reporters told CJR they were more inclined to grant anonymity to undocumented sources and explain the potential consequences of being quoted in a story.

Educating sources

El Tímpano’s guidelines recommend that reporters make greater efforts to explain the risks of participating in stories and how content may be shared, so immigrant sources can make fully informed decisions. This includes telling sources about the risks of speaking with journalists, which could include being identified and contacted by ICE, Customs and Border Protection, the Department of Homeland Security or other law enforcement.

Drawing from material by Define American and PublicSource.org, El Tímpano also tells sources that when reporters reach out for a story, they should clearly state what news outlet they work for, what story they are working on, ask whether the source is willing to speak, answer any questions they might have and clarify at the beginning of the interview if the conversation is on the record, on background, off the record or anonymous. El Tímpano explains to sources where and how the story will appear online.

Sources can decide how much of their name and identifying information is included in the piece. At the same time, El Tímpano has chosen to reduce the amount of identifying information it uses, selecting from details such as first and last name, initials, age, city of residence, job, country of origin, and other information, avoiding the use of more than three identifiers.

If sources ask for additional protection, the outlet says it will honor their request by using only their initials or a pseudonym. It will only ask for last names and citizenship status when this information is essential and store information with robust security measures.

El Tímpano notes that its journalism is rooted in a close connection with the community and prioritizes maintaining trust with the community, ensuring its reporting is neither extractive nor harmful. The outlet’s journalists also avoid including the names of sources’ family members, especially if they have a different legal status, and filming or taking photos at locations that might reveal the source’s home or work location.

The publication also emphasizes more face-to-face reporting and an increased presence in the East Bay, while avoiding publicizing the locations of these interactions to protect participants. Overall, El Tímpano argues that journalism can counter dehumanization and bridge social divides, reminding readers that undocumented people are entitled to respect.

Informed consent, focus on community

The Los Angeles Public Press also published strategies to navigate media interviews during ICE raids last July amid an increase in ICE operations in Los Angeles. The publication tells immigrant sources that sharing their story can amplify their voice and highlight critical issues, but it can also put them at risk.

With the increased press attention on immigrant communities due to immigration enforcement, the outlet highlights that many people are speaking to journalists for the first time without knowing how to protect themselves. It advises individuals to verify reporters’ identities, ask questions about the story, and set boundaries before agreeing to interviews, including deciding how much identifying information they want to share.

Sources can decline questions that feel uncomfortable and be as specific or vague as they like when sharing information, with the understanding that anything they disclose could potentially become public. The LA Public Press guidelines emphasize that sources may end the conversation at any time, as well as decline to have the interview recorded or photos taken, unless they are in a public space or during a protest, in which case people can wear masks, sunglasses, or hats if they want to conceal their identity.

The guide also warns against reporters who use leading questions or push a narrative, highlighting that sources can voice their concerns if they see that happening and assert their own point of view. They can also ask clarifying questions or information about how the article is going to be used to make sure the reporters will handle the story and their community with care.

Journalist safety and self-care

Brenda Verano, a journalist who has been covering social justice and immigration at CALÓ News, said that even her newsroom had conversations about how to keep sources safe when immigration raids and protests started happening in Los Angeles. 

For example, Verano said that the newsroom decided not to publish photos of street vendors during protests or to blur faces to avoid exposing people’s identity in case they didn’t have a legal status. In other instances, she said sources who weren’t used to speaking with the press mentioned during an interview that they were undocumented, so she talked with them about it to make sure they were okay with that information becoming public and discussing what she would include in the article.

“We also made that agreement of if people say that they don’t want to be on record, or if they don’t want to use their full name, that is totally okay, and we will respect that,” Verano said. She would also try to meet people in person and make sure sources felt safe, she said, interviewing them in Spanish and explaining what she was working on.

Verano attended the Maynard Institute’s Propel Regional Training in San Luis Obispo at the end of April and said she was still thinking about some of the sessions, such as A.C. Thompson’s session on investigative journalism and Andrés Cediel’s session on immigration coverage and imperiled civil rights. Verano said Cediel’s session also made her realize it’s okay to consider taking a break from covering immigration. As someone from a mixed-status household, Verano said the topics she has been reporting on feel very personal.

“It takes a lot of mental and emotional strain on you, but I think that’s also what helps you connect with the fewer sources to a greater extent,” she said.

Verano said she has also taken measures to protect herself as a journalist, such as letting people know where she is when covering a protest, making her social media private, and using Signal to communicate with sources and other journalists.

Michelle Zenarosa, former editor-in-chief at LA Public Press, wrote about the impact that covering immigration has had on reporters and how the newsroom had to rethink how to protect its journalists due to the increased risks they faced, from personal threats to rubber bullets and arrests. They quickly realized the need for safety training and started to collaborate with reporters across different newsrooms.

“When local journalists can’t safely document what’s happening in your community, you lose the ability to hold power accountable. And right now, that’s the calculation we’re all making,” wrote Zenarosa.

An attack on Civil Rights

Andrés Cediel, visiting professor at Arizona State University and one of the speakers at the Propel training, said that journalists need to be careful about protecting themselves and sources at the same time. Today, journalists are frequently facing attacks by the government, he added. One of them is Mario Guevara, a Salvadoran journalist who was covering a “No Kings” rally last June when he was arrested and detained by ICE for livestreaming their activity.

Guevara was in the country legally with a path to receiving a green card through his son, who is a U.S.-citizen, but he was still deported to El Salvador.

 “Whenever, as a journalist, you’re doing reporting that involves some level of trauma or vulnerability, it’s really important to be paying attention to how that’s affecting you personally, and sometimes doing reporting that is too close to your own trauma can be especially difficult,” Cediel said in an interview.

Cediel also highlighted the critical role journalists play in documenting what is happening during a period of crisis and how their reporting and the evidence collected could eventually lead to more accountability.

“When this administration is no longer in power, at that time, there will be an opportunity to hold those actors responsible for any potential crimes they committed,” Cediel said. “For that to happen, we need to be documenting those abuses now.”

Cediel said he hopes the Propel training inspired journalists to recommit to the mission of documenting what happens in their communities. “All this work is building towards a higher mission and goal,” he said.

*This article references Maynard Institute programming and interviews Maynard Institute training participants and faculty, including Brenda Verano, who works at CALÓ News. CALÓ News is a central initiative of the Latino Media Collaborative, a Propel Partner of the Maynard Institute.